The Saturday Night Club - A Personal Perspective

As I mentioned a few posts ago, I found a cache of letters between "the sage of Baltimore" H.L. Mencken and Max Brödel, the first non-physician member of the Medical & Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. 

Mencken and Brödel founded the "The Saturday Night Club" an informal group of doctors, lawyers, teachers, musicians, artists, writers and businessmen who were interested in friendship, music, conversation and good food and good beer (even during Prohibition). The above photo is probably from Mencken's house, either on Union Square or on Cathedral Street. 

Brödel's daughter, Elsa, who was about 16 in 1927, wrote a personal essay for an assignment for Baltimore's all-girl Bryn Mawr School. It is an incredibly mature and insightful look at at Elsa's parents and their friends. She describes the household getting ready to host the evening at their house on Suffolk Road in Guilford, the arrival of the guests, and finally, her thoughts on each of the guests. 

I scanned the relevant essay and the sketch above, which were published in "Max Brödel: The Man Who Put Art into Medicine," written by Ranice W. Crosby and John Cody and published in 1991 by Springer-Verlag, New York. 

Provident Hospital, Baltimore's First Black Hospital

Provident Hospital and Free Dispensary was founded in 1894 at 419 Orchard Street, a neighborhood where several hospitals serving the white population were already located. At that time, admitting black patients to white hospitals was basically prohibited. Black patients still needed care and treatment, so a small group of doctors started Provident Hospital. 

The founders included Dr. William T. Carr, Sr. (above) and Dr. J. Marcus Cargill. They wanted to provide an institution where people of color could be attended by physicians of their own race, and that colored physicians might have an opportunity to develop themselves in their specialties and become proficient in them. They also wanted to establish a well-organized training school for nurses. 

Among the early physicians at Provident were three Black physicians who were admitted as members of the Medical & Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland in the 1880s, when the organization’s by-laws had changed members from “gentlemen” to “persons.” The first admitted was Whitfield Winsey, M.D. who became a pupil of Dr. John R.W. Dunbar, a professor of surgery at Washington University and received his medical degree from Harvard in 1877. Next was Reveredy M. Hall, M.D. a Baltimorean who graduated from Howard as a medical doctor in 1872 and was dean and director of Provident Hospital. The third was William H. Thompson, who was born in Yonkers, NY in 1849 and received his doctorate degree at Howard University in 1872.

The hospital soon outgrew its home on Orchard Street and in 1896, the hospital moved to 413 W. Biddle Street, where there was room for 30 beds and an adjoining building for the nurses’ training school.

The Provident Training School for Nurses was the first and only institution in the are to offer Black women the opportunity to train as nurses. The school received official recognition in 1926 and was renamed the Provident Hospital School of Nursing.

Over the years, Provident Hospital went through highs and lows. When Union Memorial Hospital moved to its current location on 33rd Street, Dr. J.M.T. Finney suggested that Provident buy the building on Division Street for $75,000. The new building opened on October 15, 1928 with Dr. William T. Carr as superintendent. Sixteen Black physicians were appointed to the visiting staff and had privileges to treat private patients.

The AMA approved a plan to train six interns in a general rotating program. There were residencies in pediatrics, general surgery and anatomic pathology. Provident was one of five hospitals in the United States that provided specialty training for Black physicians.

Provident stayed at the Division Street location until the late 1960s when construction commenced on a building on Liberty Heights Avenue, and was occupied in 1970. By the mid-1970s, the hospital’s main concern was the integration of Black physicians and patients into previously all-White hospitals which siphoned potential patients from Provident Hospital. In addition to the financial de-stability this caused, the hospital was surrounded by low-income neighborhoods.

Not all news was bad, as surgical and obstetrical residents and summer students rotated though Provident from Meharry Medical College. A hypertension program with numerous outreach facilities was assisted by a significant grant-in-aid. And a cancer-screening clinic, funded by the Morris Goldseker Foundation was entirely free for participants.

In 1985, a low occupancy rate along with financial difficulties, including poor cash flow led to the closing of the hospital. But in 1986 the hospital merged with Lutheran Hospital and formed Liberty Medical Center.

Lutheran Hospital began in the 1870s in West Baltimore as the Hebrew Orphan Asylum.

In the 1920s, when the Hebrew Orphan Asylum moved to where Sinai Hospital is now located, the hospital became West Baltimore General Hospital. By 1939, the hospital contained 100 beds, a nurses’ quarters, maternity wing and power plant. After World War II, it became Lutheran Home and Hospital.

In the 1990s, a partnership with Bon Secours Hospital, Liberty and other community-based health centers was formed to become the Community HealthCare Network of Baltimore. As medical care changed, and fewer and fewer patients actually stayed at hospitals for any signficant amount of time, Liberty Medical only had a 10-15% occupancy rate, not enough to keep the doors open.

In August of 1999, Liberty Medical Center, which had 282 beds and employed about 400 people on the 15-acre campus on Liberty Heights Avenue, closed. From a small hospital that began in a row-house in 1894 to large urban medical center, Provident’s history for caring for the Black population of Baltimore has not been forgotten.

Sources:
Maryland Medical Journal, April 1997
Journal of the National Medical Association, May 1967
Baltimore Sun, August 8, 1999

Lecture and Book Signing OCME: Life in America's Top Forensic Medical Center by Bruce Goldfarb

Our friend, Bruce Goldfarb, who has given several lectures for us on the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death, will be giving a lecture and book signing for his new book, OCME: Life in America's Top Forensic Medical Center. 

The lecture will take place on Wednesday, March 1, from 6:00 to 7:30 p.m. in the historic Osler Hall at MedChi. 

Please RSVP here by February 25th.
  

A Cache of Letters from H.L. Mencken to Max Brödel

Honestly, I never know what I will find in the 55 boxes (plus 23 more), and last week, I came across a plain brown envelope with "H.L. Mencken: Photocopies of Letters to Max Brödel" written on it. I wrote about Max Brödel here not only because we have a number of his original works, but because he was the first non-physician member to be honored with a membership to the Faculty. 

One of Brödel's closest friends in Baltimore was H.L. Mencken, known as the Sage of Baltimore. They shared a deep interest in music, Germany (where Brödel was born), and drinking.

Together, they founded the "Saturday Night Club" an informal group of doctors, lawyers, teachers, musicians, artists, writers and businessmen who were interested in friendship, music, conversation and good food and good beer.

The 90 letters we have appear to begin in September of 1912 and continue until 1944, several years after Brödel's death, when the letters were to Mrs. Brödel. 

Some of the letters are quite funny, but as years move on, they become very personal and poignant. Mencken talks about meeting on Saturday nights, making beer, good food, travel, spending summers at Brödel's "camp" in very rural Ontario. He also talks about his and others' sicknesses (he was a noted hypochondriac), deaths among friends and family, the situation in Europe just before WWII, and much more. 

As I read through the letters, some things and some people are easy to figure out, but other references are quite obscure. A link to all of the letters are at the bottom of this post.

The Carl referred to in this letter is one of MB's three children.

It's not unusual to see parts of some of the letters in German.

It is a huge compliment that HLM is asking for one of MB's drawings.

HLM is obviously very pleased with the drawing which he received within three days!

Very curious about the process for re-inoculating beer!

The Cullen in this letter is Dr. Thomas Cullen, a very close friend of MB's who was a part of the Saturday Night Club and also had a camp close to MB's in rural Ontario. Cullen wrote a brief biography of MB.

A gift of yeast from the Lowenbrau breweries was a treaure during Prohibition (1920-1933).

There are numerous mentions in these letters of Dr. Howard Kelly's religion, which he seemed to impose on people. He was one of a group of Canadian physicians at Hopkins, including Osler and Cullen.

All of the letters have been scanned, and where applicable, I have added comments, mostly to explain who Mencken and Brödel were talking about, or to clarify a reference. You can access all of the letters HERE.

Happy 224th Birthday!

January 20 marks the 224th anniversary of the founding of the Medical & Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland. For the next 10 months, we are going to be planning and preparing to celebrate our 225th anniversary in 2024. I wonder if any of the 101 founders ever could have imagined that the organization they worked so hard to create, would still be going strong in 2024.

Eugene Fauntleroy Cordell, who wrote the 1899 Medical Annals of Maryland gave some thought to the first meeting, imagined the founders coming together for the first time.

Here's what he had to say:

Considering the circumstances, it is altogether likely that the first meeting was held in one or another of the legislative halls at the capitol. It may have been in the historic Senate Chamber, where Congress had sat so recently and President Washington had resigned his commission and read his ever-memorable farewell address.

There we may fancy the founders preparing to sit in council, grave and reverend seigniors, deliberate in act and speech, still clad in the antique style, wig, cue, frilled shirt, high-necked coat with large brass buttons, knee breeches, stockings, shoe buckles and not least, gold-headed canes.

The first to enter, we will suppose, is the Baltimore delegation, arrived by the morning coach. George Buchanan, full of enterprise and action, precedes, followed by Henry Stevenson, prince of inoculators; Lyle Goodwin, the surgeon; the courtly and handsome Ashton Alexander, one of the youngest incorporators; and Arthur Pue and Daniel Moores, both graduates of Edinburgh.

Close behind them are the delegates from Baltimore County: Thomas Cradock and Philip Trapnall, both great in the counculs of the Church; John Cromwell, described as “a man of find constitution and exemplary habits,” and the others in the delegation.

Next come the Annapolitans, headed by the striking figure of Upton Scott, venerable with his seventy-seven years, precise, practical and business-like.

A delegation from the western part of the State has just arrived on horseback: the revered Philip Thomas of Frederick, a leader in his community; John Tyler, from the same place, whose fame in couching the cataract extended far and wide; Richard Pindell, of Revolutionary fame and later the physician of Henry Clay in Kentucky; Zadok Magruder, Jr., from the Quaker settlement in Montgomery; James Anderson, from the same county, whose practice is said to have covered 100 square miles; Zechariah Clagett of Pleasant Valley; George Lynn, of Cumberland, and other who joined on the way.

From the northeast came John Archer, of Harford, teacher, patriot, statesman, stern in look, the patriarch of American graduates, and Elijah Davis, who had been a prisoner on a Jersey prison ship during the Revolution.

From the Potomac region came Charles Worthington, of Georgetown, who was known in his day as the “Court Physician,” in his coach; Charles A. Beatty, the owner of the land on which Washington was built; and William Beanes, Jr., whose capture and imprisonment led to the writing of the Star Spangled Banner by his friend and rescuer [and nephew of Upton Scott], Francis Scott Key.

From the south came Gustavus Brown, of Port Tobacco, who was consultant with Drs. Craik and Dick in the last illness of George Washington; Daniel Jenifer, of the same place, and John Parnham, of Charles County, both surgeons in the Revolution.

An early arrival must have been Charles Alexander Warfield, of Anne Arundel, the impetuous leader of the patriots in the Peggy Stewart affair and the first to propose a separation from the mother country.

The Eastern Shore doubtless furnished its full quota, coming by sailboat across the Bay. From Easton came Tristram Thomas, distinguished by his extreme height, the tenuity of his frame and his gentle manner; the brusque Ennals Martin, and Perry Eccleston Noel, the Edinburgh graduate.

From Kent County came James Moat Anderson, a small spare figure with a limp, and dressed in the sober garb of the Methodists; Morgan Brown, Jr., who is described by his contemporaries as a man of remarkable judgement and acumen; and Edward Worrell, the medical teacher of that section.

From Queen Anne County came James Davidson, who hails from the Highlands of Scotland, and Robert Goldsborough of “Four-Square.”

Having alighted from coach and stage, having disembarked from vessels which lay moored in the Severn River, and having dismounted from their horses, we can imagine them assembling for the business before them. A short time is doubtless spent in greetings and congratulations upon the success of their long efforts to obtain legislation and the prospect of usefulness which now unfolds before them.

Cordell doesn't mention all 101 founders, but his descriptions of many of them give you a good idea of who they were and what they looked like.

1844 German Anatomy Book

As I was perusing a local auction site, I found an 1844 German anatomy book that looked like it would be selling for a song. I put in a bid and basically forgot about it until I got an invoice from the auction house. 

The book wasn't in great condition, sadly, but I thought that it might be good for framed prints. The prints are all engraved and some are hand-colored. 

It turns out I have a small connection with this book, as it came from the extensive collection of Dr. Henry Wilson, a local ophthalmologist and noted bibliophile.

I grew up with his children and spent a lot of time at their house. Dr. Wilson and my father were both book collectors and had numerous conversations about their collections. 

Because the book is written in German, I haven't been able to read through it, but the illustrations speak for themselves. 

We are excited to add another book to our collection!

Another Bookplate

You might remember that we have a significant collection of bookplates here at MedChi. They were originally acquired when we established the Osler Testimonial Fund

and physicians from across the United States requested copies of the OTF bookplate from Marcia. In return, she asked that they send her copies of their plates. You can see a number of posts about them here. 

As I was going through the 55 boxes of ephemera and books which we recently acquired, I found an interesting plate. 

The verse talks about the Kobold and the Cat, and I had never heard of a Kobold before. I headed to the Google and found this: A kobold is a mythical sprite. Having spread into Europe with various spellings including "goblin" and "hobgoblin", and later taking root and stemming from Germanic mythology, the concept survived into modern times in German folklore. 

I am not quite certain how you get goblin from kobold, but nevertheless, it makes the rhyme! I also need to hunt up Frank Baker and see who he is. Here's hoping that there are no kobold in your book collection!